Ghana's local currency, cedi, the second-worst performing currency in the world this year, is doomed to further suffering after the nation missed a deadline it set for itself to restructure its bilateral debt and go closer to receiving international aid.

In order to be eligible for a $3 billion International Monetary Fund program, Finance Minister Ken Ofori-Atta wanted to negotiate a restructuring agreement with bilateral creditors by the end of February.

Ghana has only partially finished the exchange program's domestic debt component so far.

After the Lebanese pound, the cedi has underperformed among the more than 100 currencies tracked by Bloomberg, falling 21% versus the dollar in 2023.

Still, the missed deadline doesn’t automatically derail the talks.

Rather, it highlights the difficulties Ghana faces as it tries to reduce its debt load and contend with critics ranging from international bondholders to local trade unions.

“For the foreseeable future the cedi will continue to be volatile until we are able to make substantial progress on the external debt restructuring front,” Kweku Arkoh-Koomson, an economist at Databank Group, said by phone.

“The IMF deal is what will cause a clear stability in the cedi.”

Ghana is trying to restructure most of its public debt, estimated at ¢576 billion ($45 billion) at the end of November.

Local bondholders have been asked to voluntarily exchange ¢130 billion of debt for new bonds that will pay between 8.35% and 15% interest, compared with an average of 19% on old bonds.

Ghana stands to ask external creditors to write off as much as 50% of the debt it owes them — far higher than the 30% the government initially considered, S&P Global Ratings said in a report Tuesday.

“Uncertainty on when the rest of the restructuring will be completed” is influencing cedi volatility, said Courage Boti, an economist at Accra-based GCB Capital Ltd.

“To the extent that those things are hanging in the balance now — in that timelines are not very certain — the volatility of the cedi will continue.”

To date, local investors have exchanged ¢87.8 billion, or 67.5% of bonds under restructuring, for new securities, against an overall target of 80%.

The country will have to reorganize obligations owed to local pension funds to complete the domestic exchange, a move that’s running into criticism from trade unions.

The government aims to start “substantive” discussions with international bondholders and their advisers in the coming weeks, Ofori-Atta said last month, offering eurobond holders some losses while seeking to reschedule payments on bilateral obligations.